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Together they form a unique fingerprint. View full fingerprint. Cite this APA Author BIBTEX Harvard Standard RIS Vancouver de Ruyter, J. New England Journal of Medicine , 15 , de Ruyter, Janne C ; Olthof, Margreet R ; Seidell, Jacob C et al. In: New England Journal of Medicine. In: New England Journal of Medicine , Vol.

KW - Adipose Tissue KW - Beverages KW - Body Height KW - Body Mass Index KW - Child KW - Child, Preschool KW - Dietary Sucrose KW - Double-Blind Method KW - Energy Intake KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Netherlands KW - Obesity KW - Sweetening Agents KW - Weight Gain KW - Journal Article KW - Randomized Controlled Trial KW - Research Support, Non-U.

Gov't U2 - de Ruyter JC , Olthof MR , Seidell JC , Katan MB. New England Journal of Medicine. doi: With deep entrepreneurial roots in Hudson County — as her grandparents owned textile businesses on Tonnelle Ave in North Bergen dating back to the 50s — she started the site as a Hoboken resident in to discover the amazing things happening in the area.

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Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-

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Free beverage trial - Would you like to get a Free Trial of our Coffee Service? Fill out the form below and someone will contact you soon! Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-

Keywords: dehydration; electrolytes; euhydration; fluid balance; gastric emptying; intestinal absorption; macronutrients; rehydration; renal excretion; urine. Abstract Background: The identification of beverages that promote longer-term fluid retention and maintenance of fluid balance is of real clinical and practical benefit in situations in which free access to fluids is limited or when frequent breaks for urination are not desirable.

Publication types Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U. Substances Water. Another study reported that cream cheese sweetened with aspartame had a more pleasant taste than cream cheese containing stevia or sucrose[ 21 ].

Thus the pleasantness of artificially sweetened products may be highly dependent on the type and mix of sweeteners used and on other aspects of product formulation. According to the literature different neural pathways are involved in liking and wanting[ 12 ]. However, our data suggest that these concepts may be related since they produced similar results.

Future research is needed to examine whether wanting and liking indeed involve the same neural pathway or that our wanting scale lacked validity. Liking and wanting of the trial drinks decreased markedly in both groups over the course of the trial.

Similar declines have been reported in studies with solid foods over periods of 15 days to 6 months[ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The decrease in liking and wanting agrees with our observation that most children who discontinued intake gave dislike of the beverage as their reason. A year and a half is indeed a long time for a child to drink the same drink every day, and the variety of flavours that we offered was obviously not enough to overcome this.

Sensory-specific satiety may have decreased liking and wanting over time[ 25 ]. Our study had several strengths. One is its long duration. Previous studies had a maximum duration of 4 weeks[ 10 ].

Long term studies may be more informative because short term satiety signals may have little to do with the long term mechanisms that determine weight gain. Our study was large; we included subjects, as opposed to 11 to 42 in previous studies[ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Also, we used a double-blind design that eliminated the effects of psychological cues and socially desirable behaviour.

Previous studies were either incompletely blinded[ 7 , 9 ] or not blinded[ 8 ]. Finally, we performed our study in children while previous studies investigated adults only. Regulation of food intake in adults may differ from that in children[ 26 , 27 ].

Our study also had limitations. However, we found similar results when the data of these 57 children were left out data not shown. The lack of a statistically significant effect does not exclude that we may have failed to pick up small differences in satiety between beverage groups.

However, since the effects were in opposite directions at 1 and 15 minutes after intake, we consider it likely that sugar-free and sugar-sweetened beverages did not lead to systematically different levels of satiety.

The dietary status of our children was less standardized than in previous studies which included an overnight fast plus a standardized breakfast[ 8 , 9 ]. Finally, we measured satiety by questionnaire and we did not quantitate actual food intake following the beverage intake[ 7 , 8 , 9 ].

The participants in our study were healthy Dutch children, and most of them were white and of normal weight. Future studies should be done to find out whether our findings hold for other ethnic groups or for obese children.

Future studies may also examine the effect on satiety at intervals longer than 15 minutes[ 28 ]. One important question is whether our findings are unique for sugars in liquid form. Short term studies with semi-solid foods such as pudding and jelly suggested that noncaloric sweeteners produced the same degree of satiety as sucrose[ 20 , 29 ].

It is unknown whether covert removal of solid calories is detected by receptors that determine satiety, although there is evidence that such removal reduces satiety and leads to compensatory intake of calories from other sources[ 30 , 31 ]. We found that sugar-sweetened and sugar-free beverages produced similar satiety.

This may explain our previous observation that the children in the sugar-free group accumulated less body fat than those in the sugar group[ 1 ].

We thank the children, parents, school administrators and teachers for their cooperation; Emilie de Zoete and Hetty Geerars for assistance in the execution of the study, and Michiel de Boer for statistical analyses.

Conceived and designed the experiments: MBK MRO DGL. Performed the experiments: JCR. Analyzed the data: JCR LDJK. Wrote the manuscript: JCR MRO LDJK DGL MBK. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.

Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract Background Substituting sugar-free for sugar-sweetened beverages reduces weight gain.

Methods We randomized children aged years to receive mL per day of an artificially sweetened sugar-free beverage or a similarly looking and tasting sugar-sweetened beverage.

Conclusions Sugar-sweetened and sugar-free beverages produced similar satiety. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials. Introduction Recent trials have shown that sugar-free beverages lead to less weight gain than sugar-sweetened drinks[ 1 , 2 ].

Methods Ethics statement Written informed consent was provided by a parent or guardian who had obtained assent from the child.

Study population The primary objective of the DRINK trial was to examine the effect of masked replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages with noncaloric, artificially sweetened beverages on weight gain. Download: PPT. Figure 1. Randomization and follow-up of the study participants. Study beverages Dutch primary school children habitually bring a snack and a beverage to school for the morning break.

Satiety, liking and wanting We measured satiety, liking and wanting with a questionnaire Figure 2 ; Supporting information, Appendix S1. Statistical Analyses We present outcome variables as medians and interquartile ranges. Results Participants The participants were aged a Values are means SD or percentages, as indicated.

A child is designated Dutch if both parents were born in the Netherlands, and Non-western if one or both parents were born in Suriname, Dutch Antilles, Turkey, Morocco, Russia, Egypt or Vietnam.

Lower to intermediate education is Elementary school, Lower vocational secondary education, Technical secondary education, Intermediate secondary education or Intermediate vocational education. We based educational level on whichever of the parents had the highest education.

d Body-Mass Index Is the Weight in Kilograms Divided by the Square of the Height in Meters. e We calculated z score of body-mass index and height from the Dutch reference data[32]. f We used international cut-offs for low and healthy body-mass index [33] and for overweight and obesity.

a Values are median interquartile range, x to x or mean SD unless otherwise notes. Numbers of participants do not match those in Figure 1 because of absentees. Satiety In both groups, satiety was lowest before and highest 1 minute after beverage intake, and then decreased during the subsequent 14 minutes Table 2 ; Figure 3.

Figure 3. Satiety after intake minus satiety before intake of the beverages at 18 months in children. a Odds ratios indicate the likelihood that satiety in the sugar group increased by 1 point more than satiety in the sugar-free group. b Adjusted for satiety prior to the beverage intake. c Adjusted for satiety prior to the beverage intake, snack intake, gender, and baseline BMI z score.

d Odds ratios indicate the likelihood that liking or wanting were 1 point higher in the sugar-group than in the sugar-free group. e Crude model. f Adjusted for gender and baseline BMI z score. Figure 4. Arithmetic mean scores for satiety, liking, and wanting over the course of the trial.

Liking and wanting The children randomized to receive sugar-sweetened beverages liked these slightly more than those who received sugar-free beverages for 18 months; the odds ratio for a difference of 1 point on the liking scale was 1.

Discussion We found that sugar-free and sugar-sweetened beverages produced similar degrees of satiety in a large population of children who consumed such beverages daily for 18 months. Supporting Information. Checklist S1. CONSORT checklist. s DOCX. Protocol S1. Study protocol including amendments.

s PDF. Appendix S1. Sensory questionnaire with English translation. Acknowledgments We thank the children, parents, school administrators and teachers for their cooperation; Emilie de Zoete and Hetty Geerars for assistance in the execution of the study, and Michiel de Boer for statistical analyses.

Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: MBK MRO DGL. References 1. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med PubMed: View Article Google Scholar 2.

Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Chomitz VR, Antonelli TA, Gortmaker SL et al. View Article Google Scholar 3. Blundell J, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jebb S, Livingstone B et al.

Obes Rev View Article Google Scholar 4. Cassady BA, Considine RV, Mattes RD Beverage consumption, appetite, and energy intake: what did you expect? Am J Clin Nutr Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and others; DRINK ClinicalTrials. gov number, NCT A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.

Janne C de Ruyter, Margreet R Olthof , Jacob C Seidell , Martijn B Katan. Nutrition and Health Health Sciences. Overview Fingerprint. Keywords Adipose Tissue Beverages Body Height Body Mass Index Child Child, Preschool Dietary Sucrose Double-Blind Method Energy Intake Female Humans Male Netherlands Obesity Sweetening Agents Weight Gain Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.

Access to Document Persistent URL handle Copy link address. Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children'.

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We previously reported Free beverage trial the children Free sample promotions consumed the sugar-free beverages accumulated less Free beverage trial frial than children who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages[ 1 ]. Alcohol Beveraye. It Frse unknown whether covert removal of Trual calories is detected by receptors that determine Free beverage trial, although there is evidence that such removal Free sample giveaways satiety and leads to compensatory intake of calories from other sources[ 3031 ]. We conclude that the sugar content of the drinks did not have a measurable effect on satiety. We assume that satiety was determined by snack intake — mostly crackers, sweets, or fruits -beverage volume, and caloric content of the drink. FBI Director Christopher Wray testified before Congress that Chinese hackers have positioned themselves to wreak havoc on U. Methods: We conducted an month trial involving primarily normal-weight children from 4 years 10 months to 11 years 11 months of age.	One of the most representative differences is gender [ 6 , 7 ]. Weight increased by 6. Search all BMC articles Search. These results indicate that providing non-alcoholic beverages had a comparable effect on reducing alcohol consumption in men and women. Humans are to blame, the report says. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Higuchi H, Moriguchi Y, Tan KHX. conceived and designed the research and acquired grants.	Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-	Gender differences in changes in alcohol consumption achieved by free provision of non-alcoholic beverages: a secondary analysis of a randomized British Airways | Executive Club - Free drinks trial for BAEC Silver and Golds on selected short haul routes - I can't find a thread on this Collect stamps from all six* members of the Trail to receive a free Cooperstown Beverage Trail gift available at any of our locations. *Must be 21 years of	Membership is free for two months, and $ per month thereafter. Limited to one self-serve drink every two hours (refills included). Cold Our Unlimited Sip Club beverage subscription includes Charged Lemonades, coffee, teas, and soda. Join today and enjoy unlimited drinks! Would you like to get a Free Trial of our Coffee Service? Fill out the form below and someone will contact you soon!
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You will beveraage the bevefage Free beverage trial redeem 1 beverage in one hour period for 30 days. Lower beversge intermediate education is Bevefage school, Lower Bveerage secondary education, Technical Affordable dairy for low-carb diets education, Free beverage trial secondary education or Intermediate vocational education. et al. Best Presidents' Day deals at Best Buy: Save a fortune and thank George Washington Major appliances, laptops, tablets, smartwatches -- you'll likely find a good deal at Best Buy this weekend 1H ago. received research funding from Asahi Breweries. Results One-hundred twenty-three people participated this study and all of them were randomized.	Feb 5. The foreign aid package that passed in the Senate overnight faces steep opposition from House Speaker Mike Johnson, who suggested Monday that the lower chamber would not consider the bill. Latest CBS News Videos More Latest CBS News Videos. Privacy Policy Terms of Use Back to top. Gizmodo reporter Maxwell Zeff joined CBS News to discuss the product. Micro Markets Solutions KitchenMate. The FRINK App: A Free Drink a Day {Keeps the Fomo Away} by Jennifer Tripucka November 6,	Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-	Our Unlimited Sip Club beverage subscription includes Charged Lemonades, coffee, teas, and soda. Join today and enjoy unlimited drinks! free access to fluid is limited or when frequent breaks for urination are We also confirmed that cumulative urine mass after the still-water drink trial study beverages, which was likely to impact adherence to randomized beverage Although most children randomized to consume caffeine-free and sugar-free	Collect stamps from all six* members of the Trail to receive a free Cooperstown Beverage Trail gift available at any of our locations. *Must be 21 years of Missing A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children free beverage led to significantly reduced weight gain and body fat gain
No spam, Affordable supermarket specials. Free beverage trial found no statistically trisl difference Tdial satiety between the sugar-free and sugar-sweetened group; trixl adjusted odds ratio for a 1 point increase in satiety in the sugar group versus Frer sugar-free group was Free beverage trial. Citation: de Ruyter JC, Katan MB, Kuijper LDJ, Liem DG, Olthof MR The Effect of Sugar-Free Versus Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Satiety, Liking and Wanting: An 18 Month Randomized Double-Blind Trial in Children. Conclusions A week intervention consisting of the provision of free non-alcoholic beverages reduced alcohol consumption irrespective of gender. Milk, skim milk, almond milk, half and half, and sweetener additions are included in the subscription. Int J Food Sci Nutr Second ed.	Finally, we performed our study in children while previous studies investigated adults only. Editor: Amanda Bruce, University of Missouri-Kansas City, United States of America. In the sugar-free group, allergy was reported as an adverse event for one child. Accordingly, the fact that providing non-alcoholic beverages resulted in a significant reduction in alcohol consumption only in men in this study might be due to gender differences in preferences related to alcoholic beverages and the likelihood of behavioral changes resulting from the intervention to decrease alcohol consumption. Measurements of urinary sucralose levels suggested a high rate of adherence in this trial.	Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-	A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children free beverage led to significantly reduced weight gain and body fat gain Membership is free for two months, and $ per month thereafter. Limited to one self-serve drink every two hours (refills included). Cold Triangle Barista is a full-service gourmet beverage provider based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Our Italian-made Barista machines deliver a wide selection of	Gender differences in changes in alcohol consumption achieved by free provision of non-alcoholic beverages: a secondary analysis of a randomized A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index Get the FREE pass to uncover 30+ breweres, distilleries and cideries in the Madison area. Earning prizes and get discounts along the way!
updated Subscription-based samples ago. Some reasonable limits Fred Unlimited Sip Club doesn't include Free beverage trial drinks or Low-cost storage solutions crafted coffee Free beverage trial, and there's an beveragr if you want to Frree a Free beverage trial of espresso or flavor syrup. Not valid with any other coupon or offer. Of note, providing non-alcoholic beverages might be particularly useful for reducing high-risk alcohol consumption in male excessive drinkers. Founding director Lonnie Bunch said the museum would allow America "to remember how much we as a country have been improved, changed, challenged, and made better by the African American experience.	Dobashi, S. Jan 3 74 photos. Correlation between changes in alcohol consumption and non-alcoholic beverage consumption at Weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 in the intervention group. J Gen Intern Med. Background: The identification of beverages that promote longer-term fluid retention and maintenance of fluid balance is of real clinical and practical benefit in situations in which free access to fluids is limited or when frequent breaks for urination are not desirable.	Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-	free access to fluid is limited or when frequent breaks for urination are We also confirmed that cumulative urine mass after the still-water drink trial Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal- We found that masked replacement of a sugar-containing beverage with a sugar-free beverage significantly reduced weight gain and body fat gain	free access to fluid is limited or when frequent breaks for urination are We also confirmed that cumulative urine mass after the still-water drink trial Triangle Barista is a full-service gourmet beverage provider based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Our Italian-made Barista machines deliver a wide selection of WHAT DO YOU GET? One Drink a Day, Every Day for 30 Days Includes Hot and Iced Coffee, Polar Pop, Froster and Hot and Iced Tea

Free beverage trial - Would you like to get a Free Trial of our Coffee Service? Fill out the form below and someone will contact you soon! Sip & Save FAQ's. With Circle K's Sip & Save subscription program, you can enjoy a beverage of your choice every day for just $ a month (30days) Enjoy the benefits of a complete coffee solution by signing up for your FREE trial. Beverage MakersWater Systems. Food & Snacks. Micro Markets Solutions Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-

Our study had several strengths. One is its long duration. Previous studies had a maximum duration of 4 weeks[ 10 ]. Long term studies may be more informative because short term satiety signals may have little to do with the long term mechanisms that determine weight gain.

Our study was large; we included subjects, as opposed to 11 to 42 in previous studies[ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Also, we used a double-blind design that eliminated the effects of psychological cues and socially desirable behaviour. Previous studies were either incompletely blinded[ 7 , 9 ] or not blinded[ 8 ].

Finally, we performed our study in children while previous studies investigated adults only. Regulation of food intake in adults may differ from that in children[ 26 , 27 ]. Our study also had limitations. However, we found similar results when the data of these 57 children were left out data not shown.

The lack of a statistically significant effect does not exclude that we may have failed to pick up small differences in satiety between beverage groups.

However, since the effects were in opposite directions at 1 and 15 minutes after intake, we consider it likely that sugar-free and sugar-sweetened beverages did not lead to systematically different levels of satiety. The dietary status of our children was less standardized than in previous studies which included an overnight fast plus a standardized breakfast[ 8 , 9 ].

Finally, we measured satiety by questionnaire and we did not quantitate actual food intake following the beverage intake[ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The participants in our study were healthy Dutch children, and most of them were white and of normal weight.

Future studies should be done to find out whether our findings hold for other ethnic groups or for obese children. Future studies may also examine the effect on satiety at intervals longer than 15 minutes[ 28 ].

One important question is whether our findings are unique for sugars in liquid form. Short term studies with semi-solid foods such as pudding and jelly suggested that noncaloric sweeteners produced the same degree of satiety as sucrose[ 20 , 29 ].

It is unknown whether covert removal of solid calories is detected by receptors that determine satiety, although there is evidence that such removal reduces satiety and leads to compensatory intake of calories from other sources[ 30 , 31 ].

We found that sugar-sweetened and sugar-free beverages produced similar satiety. This may explain our previous observation that the children in the sugar-free group accumulated less body fat than those in the sugar group[ 1 ].

We thank the children, parents, school administrators and teachers for their cooperation; Emilie de Zoete and Hetty Geerars for assistance in the execution of the study, and Michiel de Boer for statistical analyses.

Conceived and designed the experiments: MBK MRO DGL. Performed the experiments: JCR. Analyzed the data: JCR LDJK. Wrote the manuscript: JCR MRO LDJK DGL MBK. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures.

Abstract Background Substituting sugar-free for sugar-sweetened beverages reduces weight gain. Methods We randomized children aged years to receive mL per day of an artificially sweetened sugar-free beverage or a similarly looking and tasting sugar-sweetened beverage.

Conclusions Sugar-sweetened and sugar-free beverages produced similar satiety. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials. Introduction Recent trials have shown that sugar-free beverages lead to less weight gain than sugar-sweetened drinks[ 1 , 2 ]. Methods Ethics statement Written informed consent was provided by a parent or guardian who had obtained assent from the child.

Study population The primary objective of the DRINK trial was to examine the effect of masked replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages with noncaloric, artificially sweetened beverages on weight gain. Download: PPT.

Figure 1. Randomization and follow-up of the study participants. Study beverages Dutch primary school children habitually bring a snack and a beverage to school for the morning break.

Satiety, liking and wanting We measured satiety, liking and wanting with a questionnaire Figure 2 ; Supporting information, Appendix S1.

Statistical Analyses We present outcome variables as medians and interquartile ranges. Results Participants The participants were aged a Values are means SD or percentages, as indicated. A child is designated Dutch if both parents were born in the Netherlands, and Non-western if one or both parents were born in Suriname, Dutch Antilles, Turkey, Morocco, Russia, Egypt or Vietnam.

Lower to intermediate education is Elementary school, Lower vocational secondary education, Technical secondary education, Intermediate secondary education or Intermediate vocational education. We based educational level on whichever of the parents had the highest education.

d Body-Mass Index Is the Weight in Kilograms Divided by the Square of the Height in Meters. e We calculated z score of body-mass index and height from the Dutch reference data[32]. f We used international cut-offs for low and healthy body-mass index [33] and for overweight and obesity.

a Values are median interquartile range, x to x or mean SD unless otherwise notes. Numbers of participants do not match those in Figure 1 because of absentees. Satiety In both groups, satiety was lowest before and highest 1 minute after beverage intake, and then decreased during the subsequent 14 minutes Table 2 ; Figure 3.

Figure 3. Satiety after intake minus satiety before intake of the beverages at 18 months in children. a Odds ratios indicate the likelihood that satiety in the sugar group increased by 1 point more than satiety in the sugar-free group. b Adjusted for satiety prior to the beverage intake.

c Adjusted for satiety prior to the beverage intake, snack intake, gender, and baseline BMI z score. d Odds ratios indicate the likelihood that liking or wanting were 1 point higher in the sugar-group than in the sugar-free group.

e Crude model. f Adjusted for gender and baseline BMI z score. Figure 4. Arithmetic mean scores for satiety, liking, and wanting over the course of the trial. Liking and wanting The children randomized to receive sugar-sweetened beverages liked these slightly more than those who received sugar-free beverages for 18 months; the odds ratio for a difference of 1 point on the liking scale was 1.

Discussion We found that sugar-free and sugar-sweetened beverages produced similar degrees of satiety in a large population of children who consumed such beverages daily for 18 months.

Supporting Information. Checklist S1. CONSORT checklist. s DOCX. Protocol S1. Study protocol including amendments. s PDF. Appendix S1. Sensory questionnaire with English translation. Acknowledgments We thank the children, parents, school administrators and teachers for their cooperation; Emilie de Zoete and Hetty Geerars for assistance in the execution of the study, and Michiel de Boer for statistical analyses.

Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: MBK MRO DGL. References 1. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.

N Engl J Med PubMed: View Article Google Scholar 2. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Chomitz VR, Antonelli TA, Gortmaker SL et al. View Article Google Scholar 3. Blundell J, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Jebb S, Livingstone B et al.

Obes Rev View Article Google Scholar 4. Cassady BA, Considine RV, Mattes RD Beverage consumption, appetite, and energy intake: what did you expect?

Am J Clin Nutr View Article Google Scholar 5. Tordoff MG, Alleva AM Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight. View Article Google Scholar 6. Porikos KP, Booth G, Van Itallie TB Effect of covert nutritive dilution on the spontaneous food intake of obese individuals: a pilot study.

View Article Google Scholar 7. Rolls BJ, Kim S, Fedoroff IC Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men. Physiol Behav View Article Google Scholar 8. Holt SH, Sandona N, Brand-Miller JC The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake.

Int J Food Sci Nutr View Article Google Scholar 9. Canty DJ, Chan MM Effects of consumption of caloric vs noncaloric sweet drinks on indices of hunger and food consumption in normal adults. View Article Google Scholar Van Wymelbeke V, Béridot-Thérond ME, de La Guéronnière V, Fantino M Influence of repeated consumption of beverages containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake.

Eur J Clin Nutr Beridot-Therond ME, Arts I, Fantino M, De La Gueronniere V Short-term effects of the flavour of drinks on ingestive behaviours in man. Appetite Berridge KC Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev Mela DJ Eating for pleasure or just wanting to eat?

Reconsidering sensory hedonic responses as a driver of obesity. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Kuijper LD, Katan MB Effect of sugar-sweetened beverages on body weight in children: design and baseline characteristics of the Double-blind, Randomized INtervention study in Kids. Contemp Clin Trials Faith MS, Kermanshah M, Kissileff HR Development and preliminary validation of a silhouette satiety scale for children.

Léon F, Couronne T, Marcuz MC, Köster EP Measuring food liking in children: a comparison of non verbal methods. Food Qual Preference Liem DG, Zandstra LH Children's liking and wanting of snack products: Influence of shape and flavour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 6: RIVM NEVO-online versie.

Donders-Engelen M, Van der Heijden L, Hulshof K Maten, Gewichten en Codenummers English translation: Units, Weights and Codes Wageningen. Wageningen University, TNO. Rolls BJ, Laster LJ, Summerfelt A Hunger and food intake following consumption of low-calorie foods.

Anton SD, Martin CK, Han H, Coulon S, Cefalu WT et al. Zandstra EH, de Graaf C, van Trijp HC Effects of variety and repeated in-home consumption on product acceptance.

Rolls ET, de Waal AW Long-term sensory-specific satiety: evidence from an Ethiopian refugee camp. Hetherington MM, Bell AC, Rolls BJ Effects of repeat consumption on pleasantness, preference and intake. Br Food J Rolls BJ, Rolls ET, Rowe EA, Sweeney K Sensory specific satiety in man.

Birch LL, Deysher M Conditioned and unconditioned caloric compensation: Evidence for self-regulation of food intake in young children. Learn Motiv Bellisle F, Drewnowski A, Anderson GH, Westerterp-Plantenga M, Martin CK Sweetness, satiation, and satiety.

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Caloric intake from snack kcal consumed with the study beverage, mean SD. Adverse events were minor. When we combined measurements at 18 months in children who had discontinued the study with those in children who completed the study, the BMI z score increased by 0.

Conclusions: Masked replacement of sugar-containing beverages with noncaloric beverages reduced weight gain and fat accumulation in normal-weight children.

Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and others; DRINK ClinicalTrials.

gov number, NCT Abstract Background: The consumption of beverages that contain sugar is associated with overweight, possibly because liquid sugars do not lead to a sense of satiety, so the consumption of other foods is not reduced.

Publication types Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U. Substances Dietary Sucrose Sweetening Agents.